B.S., 1967, University of Toledo Ph.D., 1972, University of California at Berkeley Postdoctoral Fellow, 1973-1975, Johns Hopkins University borer 3 Drug discovery and diagnostics based on nucleic acid switches that respond to ligand interactions Targets of particular interest for drug discovery include proteins from HIV and proteins involved in bleeding disorders, angiogenesis, cancer and other proliferative diseases. Biosensors are designed to detect the presence of environmental contaminants, terrorist threats, and proteins involved in chromatin remodeling. borer 4 Three-dimensional structures of RNA and RNA-protein complexes from HIV and other drug targets 3D structures are determined primarily by NMR methods. Of special interest are drug leads bound to protein targets where the leads have been discovered using high throughput screens based on molecular switch sensors. borer 5 Aptamer discovery and validation Aptamers are DNA/RNA molecules that have affinities for their targets similar to antibodies. We are developing high throughput screens to simplify aptamer discovery. Microarray methods are used to measure the affinity of aptamers for their targets and to evaluate off-target effects.