My interests lie in the evolutionary and ontogenetic development of brain. My colleagues and I are continuing to examine the function and developmental timeline of anterior cingulate cortex, particularly the uniquely-homonoid anterior cingulate spindle cells. We are using a variety of histological methods to visualize the complex structure of these cells and will be performing computer simulations of the cells activity in living brain. We are also pursuing several lines of research investigating evolutionary pressures and scaling relationships in mammalian brains. We have performed computer-assisted imaging of living and fixed brains of modern species as well as subfossil and fossil samples of extinct species. These images are being used to reconstruct the brain in three dimensions and to make measurements of cortical surface areas and volumes. Finally, we are continuing research on the visual system of primates. We are particularly interested primitive primates, whose visual systems may provide insights into the early evolution of the primate lineage.