Doctor of Philosophy in Geological Sciences, May, 1995 from Brown University, Dr. Thompson Webb III, advisor. Thesis title: Sensitivity of late Quaternary Climates to Changes in Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheets: Experiments with a General Circulation Model. Masters of Science in Geology, December 1991 from University of Colorado – Boulder, Dr. Alexander F. H. Goetz, advisor. Thesis title: Quantitative reflectance spectroscopy of buddingtonite from the Cuprite mining district, Nevada. Bachelor of Arts in Physics, May 1987 from Swarthmore College, minor in Astronomy, graduated with Honors.